NOTES ON ATHLETICS AND BALL GAMES

  LONG JUMP The long jump is a track and field event where athletes combine speed, strength, and agility to leap as far as possible from a takeoff point into a sand-filled pit. It is one of the horizontal jumps, emphasizing distance over height. Equipment and Facilities 1) Runway: A straight track, at least 40 meters long and 1.22 meters wide, leading to the takeoff board. The surface is typically the same as the running track. White lines mark the boundaries. 2) Take-off Board: A white rectangular board measuring 1.22 meters long, 0.20 meters wide, and not more than 0.10 meters deep. It is flush with the runway surface. A foul line is at the edge closest to the landing pit. Some facilities have a plasticine indicator board just beyond the foul line to help officials detect if a jumper has overstepped. 3) Landing Area/Pit: A sand-filled pit at least 2.75 meters wide and 6 meters long, with the near edge typically 1 meter from the takeoff board. The sand should be level and moist to...

ATHLETICS JUMPS: High Jump The high jump is a track and field event where athletes jump over a horizontal bar placed at Increasing heights. The objective is to clear the bar without knocking it down. It requires a combination of speed, power, agility, and precise technique. Equipment and Facilities 1. Uprights/Standards: Two rigid vertical posts that support the crossbar. They must be stable and allow for easy adjustment of the crossbar height. 2. Crossbar: A lightweight horizontal bar, typically made of fiberglass or aluminum, resting on supports at each upright. It is designed to fall easily if touched by the jumper. The standard length is 4 meters. 3. Landing Area/Pit: A cushioned area, usually made of foam rubber, where the athletes land after clearing the bar. The minimum size is 5 meters long x 3 meters wide. Safety is paramount, and the landing area must adequately absorb the impact of the jump. Outdoor facilities often have a base or platform to protect the mat from dirt and wa...

  THE GAME OF HANDBALL Nature of the game Handball is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins. Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres (131 by 66 ft), with a goal in the middle of each end. The goals are surrounded by a 6-metre (20 ft) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while “diving” into it. The sport is usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball, Czech handball and beach handball. The game is fast and high-scoring and it requires high fitness level. Objective of the Game The objective of handball is to score more goal than your opponent. A handball game lasts for a regulation of 60 minutes. This is spli...