NOTES ON ATHLETICS AND BALL GAMES

  HAMMER THROW Hammer throw is a field event where athletes spin inside a circle and release a metal ball attached to a wire and handle as far as possible .It involves strength, coordination, balance and rhythm Equipment 1.  Hammer a.  Men: 7.26 kg b.  Women: 4 kg 2.  Throwing circle (2.135 m) 3.  Safety cage 4.  Flags 5.  Landing sector(34.92°) Technique Phases 1.  Grip 2.  Preliminary Swings 3.  Turns (usually 3–4 rotations) 4.  Release 5.  Recovery Rules 1.  Must be thrown within sector. 2.  Athlete must remain inside the circle. 3.  Safety cage must be used. 4.  Hammer must land inside the landing sector 5.  Athletes may not exit the throwing area before the implement lands 6.  Athletes may not drop the implement during the preliminary swings WORLD RECORD HOLDERS Men: Yuriy Sedykh Record: 86.74 m (1986) Women: Anita Włodarczyk Record: 82.98 m (2016)  

  DISCUS THROW Discus throw involves throwing a circular disc as far as possible using a spinning motion . It requires rotational balance, flexibility, strength and timing Equipment 1.  Discus a.  Men: 2 kg b.  Women: 1 kg 2.  Throwing circle (2.5 m diameter) 3.  Protective cage 4.  Flags 5.  Measuring tape Technique Phases 1.  Grip and Stance 2.  Preliminary Swing 3.  Rotation 4.  Release 5.  Recovery Rules 1.  Must be thrown within marked sector. 2.  Athlete must stay within circle. 3.  Discus must land properly. 4.  Athlete must not leave the throwing area before the implement lands 5.  Athlete must throw with one hand       WORLD RECORD HOLDERS Men: Mykolas Alekna Record: 74.35 m (2024) Women: Gabriele Reinsch Record: 76.80 m (1988)

SHOT PUT Shot put is an event where an athlete puts (rather than push) a heavy metal ball (shot) as far as possible. It involves strength, coordination, balance and agility. Equipment 1.  Shot (metal ball) a)  Men: 7.26 kg b)  Women: 4 kg 2.  Throwing circle (2.135 m diameter) 3.  Toe board 4.  Flags 5.  Measuring tape 6.  Landing sector(34.92)   Techniques 1.  Orthodox Style (Simple Method):  This traditional method emphasizes a straightforward, powerful push of the shot. 2.  Parry O’Brien Style (Glide Method):  Named after the famous Olympian, this technique involves a glide across the circle to build momentum before the release. 3.  Disco Put Style (Rotatory Method):  Also known as the rotational technique, this style uses a spinning motion to maximize the shot’s speed and distance. Phases 1.  Preparation 2.  Glide/Rotation 3.  Power Position 4.  Release 5.  Recovery     Rule...

  POLE VAULT Pole vault is a track and field event in which an athlete uses a flexible pole to jump over a high bar. It requires Speed, Strength (upper and core), Coordination, Courage and timing Equipment 1. Vaulting pole (fiberglass or carbon fiber) 2. Crossbar 3. Uprights (standards) 4. Landing mat (foam pit) 5. Runway 6. The Box & Plant: The pole must be planted within the “box,” a 1 meter long tapered structure designed to stop the pole and initiate the vertical lift. Basic Techniques 1. Approach Run – Athlete sprints towards the take-off point. 2. Plant and Take-off – Pole is planted into the box; athlete jumps. 3. Swing Up – Body swings upward while holding the pole. 4. Extension – Athlete pushes upward as the pole straightens. 5. Turn and Clearance – Athlete turns body and clears the bar. 6. Landing – Athlete lands safely on the mat. Rules 1. Athletes are afforded three attempts per height. 2. Failure occurs if: a. Bar is knocked off. b. Athlete fails to clear. c. Any p...

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players each. The fundamental objective is for one team to score the most runs while the opposing team tries to dismiss (get out) the batters  1. Origin of Cricket (Early Beginnings – 13th to 17th Century) The exact origin of cricket is uncertain, but most historians believe it began in England during the 13th century. It likely started as a children’s game played in the countryside of southeast England, particularly in Kent, Sussex, and Surrey. The word “cricket” is thought to come from the Old English or Dutch words: “Cryce” or “cricc” meaning stick. “Krikket” in Dutch meaning club or stick. The earliest definite reference to cricket was in 1597, in a court case in Guildford, England, which mentioned that the game had been played on common land. 2. Early Development and Formalization (17th–18th Century) By the 17th century, cricket had evolved into an organized sport played by adults and even nobility. Village matches ...

🏐 History and Development of Volleyball 1. Origin and Invention (1895) Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, a physical education director at the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA. Morgan originally called the game “Mintonette.” He designed it as a less physically demanding alternative to basketball, which had been invented just four years earlier by James Naismith (a friend of Morgan’s). The idea was to create a game suitable for older members of the YMCA that encouraged teamwork, skill, and moderate exercise. 2. Early Development and Name Change (1896–1915) The first official demonstration of the game took place in 1896 at Springfield College. During that demonstration, someone noticed how the players volleyed the ball back and forth over the net, and suggested the name “Volleyball.” In the early rules: The net was 6 feet 6 inches high (1.98 meters). Each team had any number of players. The game consisted of nine innings, and each team was allowed three serves per ...